When crisis hits, longer-term thinking can easily, and understandably, be cast as a distraction or a luxury\u2014even when it relates to tackling critical issues like gender inequality, climate change, or extreme poverty.<\/p>\n
Speaking personally, I\u2019ve felt a bit silly trying to push forward projects that focus on gender lens investing or women\u2019s economic empowerment in the last few weeks, given that my colleagues\u2019 and collaborators\u2019 attention, and frankly much of my own, lies elsewhere, and with something that seems much more pressing.<\/p>\n
But for those of us who are in the position of privilege to continue thinking long term, it\u2019s our responsibility to do so. Working towards structural changes that will take longer to come to fruition, especially those that relate to reducing global inequality, is the only way to radically decrease the extent of harm caused by moments of crisis, especially for vulnerable populations.<\/p>\n
Dismantling unequal power structures, and in turn ensuring that every individual\u2014regardless of gender, age, income level, national origin, and so on\u2014has a safety net protecting them from vulnerability to health scares, income loss, and threats of increased violence, will allow us to focus on crisis without fearing fallout across every dimension of life.<\/p>\n
In times of pandemic, the economically vulnerable cannot afford to stay home<\/a>. Women in quarantine are facing increased risks of intimate partner violence<\/a>. Girls staying home from school in some parts of the world may not have the opportunity to return<\/a>. And none of this would be the case if we more effectively tackled the forms of inequality that underlie these realities. Then a virus could be a virus \u2014 assuredly deadly and destructive from a health perspective \u2013 but without inciting increased abuse, poverty, and lost prospects.<\/p>\n My colleague David Evans, drawing upon work by Claire Wenham, Julia Smith, and Rosemary Morgan<\/a> in The Lancet<\/em>, recently highlighted a range of problems<\/a> stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic that disproportionately impact women and girls. In hopes of continuing to move the conversation forward, I propose some solutions to those problems here, and welcome others to add to this initial list. To be clear, these actions should not distract from immediate measures to address the pandemic. But we also can\u2019t afford to risk forgetting about them when the focus on COVID-19 has faded; otherwise history is doomed to repeat itself.<\/p>\n Because the health workforce is <\/em>disproportionately women (67%)<\/em><\/a>, women are at a higher risk of exposure to the virus within medical facilities. <\/em><\/p>\n More doctors worldwide are still men. But the vast majority of the global health workforce consists of nurses, community health workers, and others who are less highly compensated. All health workforce jobs need to become increasingly well-compensated, high-quality jobs.<\/strong> Not only will this incentivize men to seek these positions, destigmatizing their current positioning as \u201cfeminine\u201d and dismantling occupational sex segregation within the healthcare sector, but it will also ensure that those on the frontlines of protecting populations from pandemics don\u2019t also have to fear economic fallout on a day-to-day basis.<\/p>\n The number of women doctors is rising<\/a>. Research from other sectors tells us what works to combat occupational sex segregation<\/a>, including men acting as mentors supporting women to \u201ccross over\u201d into higher-paying occupations. These efforts will have to be paired with those that increase the perceived (and actual) value of work in sectors, including nursing and other frontline health work, where women dominate. More research is needed on this front, both on what works to incentivize men to take up traditionally \u201cfeminine\u201d roles and how to avoid unintended displacement of women from those occupations.<\/p>\n With all hands on deck to fight COVID-19, particular groups of women and girls face other health risks. <\/em><\/p>\n Health facilities should not have to choose between providing lifesaving care in the face of pandemics and continuing to provide support for those in need in other areas, including pregnant women<\/a>, adolescent girls (who have the highest prevalence of HIV infection<\/a>, and in need of life-saving medication to keep their immune systems strong), and all women and girls in need of contraceptive access<\/a>.<\/p>\n Increased investments in health are needed <\/strong>to ensure critical day-to-day care is not compromised during times of crisis. Establishing a Global Health Security Challenge Fund<\/a> would help ensure countries are prepared to balance day-to-day needs with additional burdens in the face of pandemic, and evidence-based prioritization strategies<\/a> are needed for when resources cannot be expanded.<\/p>\n As schools close and people fall ill, women and girls will assume increased unpaid care work burdens. <\/em><\/p>\n Under business-as-usual scenarios, women and girls do more than their fair share of unpaid care work, which limits their educational attainment, workforce participation and advancement, and leisure time. To lessen these burdens in times of crisis and more generally, we need increased investments in child and elder care, and in the poorest countries, gender-responsive energy, water, and sanitation infrastructure <\/strong>that would reduce the time women and girls must spend collecting water and fuel, as well as cooking and cleaning. We also need shifts in household norms that mean men assume more unpaid care responsibilities. Initiatives focused on promoting women\u2019s economic empowerment, such as 2X Challenge<\/a> and the Women\u2019s Global Development and Prosperity (W-GDP) initiative<\/a>, as well broader investments in gender equality and economic growth, must prioritize reducing and redistributing women and girls\u2019 unpaid care work.<\/p>\n With quarantine measures imposed and stress heightened, women are at <\/em>increased risk of violence<\/em><\/a> committed by their partners and family members, and essential support services are absent. <\/em><\/p>\n Early reports<\/a> suggest that gender-based violence rates are increasing in light of COVID-19 quarantining, consistent with evidence documenting increased violence in other crisis settings<\/a>. Gender-based violence needs to be elevated as its own public health crisis, and resourced accordingly.<\/strong><\/p>\n We\u2019re far from meeting this objective, considering that all OECD donors combined allocated less than $200 million<\/a> to addressing violence against women according to 2016-17 data, and over half of this financing came from just three countries (Australia, Canada, and Norway). Increased resources should target evidence-based approaches, such as Promundo\u2019s MenCare program<\/a>.<\/p>\n In pandemic contexts, preparations for social distancing should include considerations of how individuals will be able to access social services when faced with violence in their households. The World Bank has taken a step in the right direction in positioning interpersonal and gender-based violence as priorities to address in its new Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Strategy<\/a>, though time will tell how the bank and other donor institutions finance this priority.<\/p>\n With schools closing as part of social distancing measures, girls who already face pressure to drop out of school may not return. <\/em><\/p>\n Even absent crisis, tens of millions of girls globally face pressures to drop out of school to care for siblings and do other unpaid domestic work, contribute to supporting their households financially, and\/or marry and have children when they are still children themselves. These pressures may be heightened due to interruptions in their education, as observed when Ebola hit West Africa<\/a>. School closures, especially those impacting adolescent girls, should be weighed against longer-term risks <\/strong>related to girls\u2019 school drop-out and limited school-to-work transition prospects as a result. Where possible, efforts should be made to incentivize parents to allow their children to return to school and to ensure consistent access to sexual and reproductive health services in the interim, as unintended pregnancy is cited as a reason for girls\u2019 failure to return to school.<\/p>\n Across the globe, women are more likely to work jobs that are low-paid, informal, and lacking in benefits. <\/em><\/p>\n In large part due to the disproportionate unpaid care work women take on, they are less likely to be employed full-time, in the formal workforce, or in jobs that provide paid sick leave, unemployment insurance, and other protections.<\/p>\n We must continue to invest in evidence-based programs and policies that improve women\u2019s economic opportunities<\/strong><\/a> and support organizations<\/strong> such as the Self-Employed Women\u2019s Association and Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing\u2014organizations that are well-positioned to provide and advocate for dignified work.<\/p>\n Cash transfers<\/strong><\/a> should be considered as a means of ensuring a social safety net for those most in need<\/strong>. Critical to transfers\u2019 success will be (1) ensuring that delivery mechanisms (through digital technology or otherwise) are properly designed and implemented and (2) that those in need, including low-income populations and workers vulnerable to economic backslides because of the virus, are prioritized.<\/p>\n Women are not equally represented in decision-making roles responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. <\/em><\/p>\n The White House Coronavirus Task Force is over 90 percent men<\/a>, and the team Prime Minister Johnson just assembled<\/a> to lead the United Kingdom\u2019s COVID-19 response is all men. As in the contexts of peace and security<\/a>, international trade<\/a>, and climate change<\/a>, an exclusionary approach to decision-making will yield inferior decisions: those that don\u2019t account for the needs and constraints of populations absent from the table.<\/p>\n Going forward, decision-making teams should be equally representative<\/strong> of men and women, and also prioritize other forms of inclusion, such as those based on race and ethnicity, as called for by Women in Global Health\u2019s Operation 50\/50 campaign<\/a>.<\/p>\n Women must also be equally represented in clinical trials<\/strong> as biomedical treatments and other interventions are developed. As my colleague Carleigh Krubiner has noted speaking to the context of Ebola<\/a>, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding are typically excluded from experimental studies, and in some high-fertility contexts, this means up to 80 percent of reproductive age women are virtually invisible in trial samples. Lack of representation means a lack of essential data on the types of prevention methods, treatments, and other interventions that work for women, risking higher fatality rates and other complications.<\/p>\n Times of crisis magnify the cracks in our systems and highlight disproportionate risks to the most vulnerable among us. COVID-19\u2019s impacts, those already felt as well as those still anticipated, should serve as a wake-up call. They should spur action to address underlying inequalities, including those that disadvantage women and girls worldwide and make the consequences of a pandemic even worse than they would otherwise be. Increased prioritization of women and girls\u2019 health, education, economic opportunity, safety, and decision-making power can help create a world where no one falls through the cracks. Decision-makers should realize this is inextricably linked to today\u2019s pandemic response.<\/p>\n Contributed by\u00a0Megan O’Donnell\u00a0<\/span><\/a>Assistant Director, Gender Program and Senior Policy Analyst at Center for Global Development<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n1. Promote a Gender-Equal Health Workforce<\/span><\/h2>\n
2. Protect (and Expand) Existing Health Resources<\/span><\/h2>\n
3. Reduce and Redistribute Unpaid Care Work Burdens<\/span><\/h2>\n
4. Address Gender-Based Violence<\/span><\/h2>\n
5. Guarantee Girls\u2019 Education<\/span><\/h2>\n
6. Promote Women\u2019s Economic Opportunities<\/span><\/h2>\n
7. Ensure Women\u2019s Representation in Decision-Making and Critical Research<\/span><\/h2>\n